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There is no time limit on retention of Worker's Compensation information. The Fair Credit Reporting Act establishes time limits on some things, but it does not mention Workman's Compensation. This is especially true if you signed an authorization that allows the company to check your Worker's Comp history.
You get your Worker's Comp check from the government, but
your previous employer is actually paying for it. So, the new company wants to know if you have a history of Worker's Comp claims. Do you get injured a lot? Are you faking it and committing fraud? It is easier to just not hire you, than it is to pay you not to work or pay a lawyer to fight your claims.
If you have a long standing injury, then you may be disabled, and you have rights under the Americans with Disabilities Act. The Disabilities Act makes sure that companies cannot discriminate against the disabled, and companies must make all reasonable efforts to adjust the workplace so that you can work.
If your previous Workman's Comp claims are old, and your injury is healed, then you should have no trouble explaining what happened. The longer you work without new claims, the less importance will be attached to your old claims.
You can read the
5 Most Important Aspects of Pre Employment Background Check
here.